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- /*
- * Roots3And4.c
- *
- * Utility functions to find cubic and quartic roots,
- * coefficients are passed like this:
- *
- * c[0] + c[1]*x + c[2]*x^2 + c[3]*x^3 + c[4]*x^4 = 0
- *
- * The functions return the number of non-complex roots and
- * put the values into the s array.
- *
- * Author: Jochen Schwarze (schwarze@isa.de)
- *
- * Jan 26, 1990 Version for Graphics Gems
- * Oct 11, 1990 Fixed sign problem for negative q's in SolveQuartic
- * (reported by Mark Podlipec),
- * Old-style function definitions,
- * IsZero() as a macro
- * Nov 23, 1990 Some systems do not declare acos() and cbrt() in
- * <math.h>, though the functions exist in the library.
- * If large coefficients are used, EQN_EPS should be
- * reduced considerably (e.g. to 1E-30), results will be
- * correct but multiple roots might be reported more
- * than once.
- */
-
- #include <math.h>
- extern double sqrt(), cbrt(), cos(), acos();
-
- /* epsilon surrounding for near zero values */
-
- #define EQN_EPS 1e-9
- #define IsZero(x) ((x) > -EQN_EPS && (x) < EQN_EPS)
-
- #ifdef NOCBRT
- #define cbrt(x) ((x) > 0.0 ? pow((double)(x), 1.0/3.0) : \
- ((x) < 0.0 ? -pow((double)-(x), 1.0/3.0) : 0.0))
- #endif
-
- int SolveQuadric(c, s)
- double c[ 3 ];
- double s[ 2 ];
- {
- double p, q, D;
-
- /* normal form: x^2 + px + q = 0 */
-
- p = c[ 1 ] / (2 * c[ 2 ]);
- q = c[ 0 ] / c[ 2 ];
-
- D = p * p - q;
-
- if (IsZero(D))
- {
- s[ 0 ] = - p;
- return 1;
- }
- else if (D < 0)
- {
- return 0;
- }
- else if (D > 0)
- {
- double sqrt_D = sqrt(D);
-
- s[ 0 ] = sqrt_D - p;
- s[ 1 ] = - sqrt_D - p;
- return 2;
- }
- }
-
-
- int SolveCubic(c, s)
- double c[ 4 ];
- double s[ 3 ];
- {
- int i, num;
- double sub;
- double A, B, C;
- double sq_A, p, q;
- double cb_p, D;
-
- /* normal form: x^3 + Ax^2 + Bx + C = 0 */
-
- A = c[ 2 ] / c[ 3 ];
- B = c[ 1 ] / c[ 3 ];
- C = c[ 0 ] / c[ 3 ];
-
- /* substitute x = y - A/3 to eliminate quadric term:
- x^3 +px + q = 0 */
-
- sq_A = A * A;
- p = 1.0/3 * (- 1.0/3 * sq_A + B);
- q = 1.0/2 * (2.0/27 * A * sq_A - 1.0/3 * A * B + C);
-
- /* use Cardano's formula */
-
- cb_p = p * p * p;
- D = q * q + cb_p;
-
- if (IsZero(D))
- {
- if (IsZero(q)) /* one triple solution */
- {
- s[ 0 ] = 0;
- num = 1;
- }
- else /* one single and one double solution */
- {
- double u = cbrt(-q);
- s[ 0 ] = 2 * u;
- s[ 1 ] = - u;
- num = 2;
- }
- }
- else if (D < 0) /* Casus irreducibilis: three real solutions */
- {
- double phi = 1.0/3 * acos(-q / sqrt(-cb_p));
- double t = 2 * sqrt(-p);
-
- s[ 0 ] = t * cos(phi);
- s[ 1 ] = - t * cos(phi + M_PI / 3);
- s[ 2 ] = - t * cos(phi - M_PI / 3);
- num = 3;
- }
- else /* one real solution */
- {
- double sqrt_D = sqrt(D);
- double u = cbrt(sqrt_D - q);
- double v = - cbrt(sqrt_D + q);
-
- s[ 0 ] = u + v;
- num = 1;
- }
-
- /* resubstitute */
-
- sub = 1.0/3 * A;
-
- for (i = 0; i < num; ++i)
- s[ i ] -= sub;
-
- return num;
- }
-
-
- int SolveQuartic(c, s)
- double c[ 5 ];
- double s[ 4 ];
- {
- double coeffs[ 4 ];
- double z, u, v, sub;
- double A, B, C, D;
- double sq_A, p, q, r;
- int i, num;
-
- /* normal form: x^4 + Ax^3 + Bx^2 + Cx + D = 0 */
-
- A = c[ 3 ] / c[ 4 ];
- B = c[ 2 ] / c[ 4 ];
- C = c[ 1 ] / c[ 4 ];
- D = c[ 0 ] / c[ 4 ];
-
- /* substitute x = y - A/4 to eliminate cubic term:
- x^4 + px^2 + qx + r = 0 */
-
- sq_A = A * A;
- p = - 3.0/8 * sq_A + B;
- q = 1.0/8 * sq_A * A - 1.0/2 * A * B + C;
- r = - 3.0/256*sq_A*sq_A + 1.0/16*sq_A*B - 1.0/4*A*C + D;
-
- if (IsZero(r))
- {
- /* no absolute term: y(y^3 + py + q) = 0 */
-
- coeffs[ 0 ] = q;
- coeffs[ 1 ] = p;
- coeffs[ 2 ] = 0;
- coeffs[ 3 ] = 1;
-
- num = SolveCubic(coeffs, s);
-
- s[ num++ ] = 0;
- }
- else
- {
- /* solve the resolvent cubic ... */
-
- coeffs[ 0 ] = 1.0/2 * r * p - 1.0/8 * q * q;
- coeffs[ 1 ] = - r;
- coeffs[ 2 ] = - 1.0/2 * p;
- coeffs[ 3 ] = 1;
-
- (void) SolveCubic(coeffs, s);
-
- /* ... and take the one real solution ... */
-
- z = s[ 0 ];
-
- /* ... to build two quadric equations */
-
- u = z * z - r;
- v = 2 * z - p;
-
- if (IsZero(u))
- u = 0;
- else if (u > 0)
- u = sqrt(u);
- else
- return 0;
-
- if (IsZero(v))
- v = 0;
- else if (v > 0)
- v = sqrt(v);
- else
- return 0;
-
- coeffs[ 0 ] = z - u;
- coeffs[ 1 ] = q < 0 ? -v : v;
- coeffs[ 2 ] = 1;
-
- num = SolveQuadric(coeffs, s);
-
- coeffs[ 0 ]= z + u;
- coeffs[ 1 ] = q < 0 ? v : -v;
- coeffs[ 2 ] = 1;
-
- num += SolveQuadric(coeffs, s + num);
- }
-
- /* resubstitute */
-
- sub = 1.0/4 * A;
-
- for (i = 0; i < num; ++i)
- s[ i ] -= sub;
-
- return num;
- }
-
-